师爷馆讲解词（简略版）
Explanation Words for
The Shiye Hall of Feudal China
Welcome to the Shaoxing Shiye Hall.
师爷，古代官府里的一门特种职业，古代衙门里的一个特殊群体。
Shiye, namely, a private assistant attending to legal, fiscal or secretarial duties in a local yamen, forms a special occupation and a special group serving in the ancient Chinese government.
绍兴师爷，则是这个特殊群体里地域性最为显赫的存在。我们所熟知的许多著名人物，如秋瑾家的秋氏家族、陶成章家的陶氏家族、鲁迅家的都昌坊周氏家族等等，祖上都曾经是师爷辈出。
Shaoxing Shiye is the most prominent regional existence among them, many of whom are from the prestigious families like the Qiu family, the Tao family and the Zhou family at Douchangfang street where some famous historical figures like Qiu Jin, Tao Chengzhang and Lu Xun were born.
其中尤以徐渭的名声最为响亮。徐渭是绍兴师爷在明朝的代表性人物，可谓绍兴师爷的先驱。
Xu Wei, the most famous one among them, was a representative figure and the pioneer of Shaoxing Shiye in the Ming Dynasty.
师爷并无官衔，与主人属于雇佣关系。
Without any official title, they were employed by the official of the local government.
古代出征的将帅，治无常处，以幕帘为府署，所以叫“幕府”，是将帅的指挥部。“后来延揽帮办幕府事务的文人学士，也就获得幕友、幕僚、幕宾等相应称呼。
In ancient times, the generals who went on an expedition used to employ some men of letters to attend the assistant shogunate affairs at the curtain headquarters and they received the corresponding titles of curtain friends, staff members and curtain guests etc..
幕府制度中包含家臣制、幕友制和幕僚制。
The shogunate system includes family minister system, curtain friend system and staff system.
家臣是相对于公臣而言的，主要掌地方财、政、军大权；相佐家主参加盟会、聘问，为家主出谋划策、料理家主的日常生活等。其自主用人的特点与幕僚制度具有相似性。
Compared with the public ministers, the family ministers mainly have the power of local finance, government and military affairs; they attend the league meeting, advise and arrange the daily life of the family lord.The characteristics of its independent employment are similar to the staff system.
幕友制的出现与春秋战国时期养士之风盛行关系密切。所养之士由主人自己出资聘用，双方是主宾关系。
The emergence of the curtain friend system was closely related to the prevalence of fostering scholars in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.The fostered scholars were employed and paid by the proprietor himself.
幕僚制。春秋战国时期，群雄纷争。各国诸侯王为了达到争霸目的，急需各种人才为之所用，以便取胜。《管子·霸言》曰：“夫争强之国，必先争谋。”由此，贤能之士被拔高到至关重要的地位。
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a group of independent warlords tried to achieve the purpose of seeking hegemony, and the Kings of various states urgently need all kinds of talents who were employed as aides and staff in order to win. A staff system was established.
在古代政治中，军事长官和行政长官所拥有的权力不是一成不变的。幕府制度的基本制度有一个从“辟署制”向“招聘制”的变化，
In ancient politics, the powers of military governors and administrators were not fixed. The basic shogunate system has experienced a change from the establishment system to the recruitment system.
明代是师爷群落初步形成的时期，绍兴一带有不少读书人离开故土，投身吏役。明代顾炎武的《日知录》里，就写到当时户部十三司中都是绍兴人。
The Ming Dynasty was the period of the initial formation of the Shiye community. Many scholars in Shaoxing left their homeland and devoted themselves to the officialdom. In the Ming Dynasty, Gu Yanwu's Daily Records mentioned that the staff of all the thirteen departments of the Ministry of Revenue were all from Shaoxing.
到了清初，绍兴师爷才开始成为一个地域性、专业性极强的幕僚群体。地方主管官吏,上自总督、巡抚,下至州县长官,都会聘请若干师爷来帮助自己处理政务。
In the early Qing Dynasty, Shaoxing Shiye began to become a regional and professional staff group. Local officials, from the governor, grand coordinators to the state magistrate, would hire a number of Shiye to help them deal with their government affairs.
绍兴师爷处事灵活、练达、圆通,深受各地封疆大吏重用。由此成就了清代师爷群体最后的辉煌。直到辛亥革命前后，师爷才退出历史舞台。
Deeply reused by the local governors, Shaoxing Shiye dealt the government affairs with great master-ship and flexibility. Achieved the last glory of the Qing Dynasty, it was not until around the Revolution of 1911 that they quit the stage of history.
师爷有着很细的职位分工。主要分为刑名、钱谷、书启、谋略、奏折、征比、挂号、账房、阅卷、朱墨以及漕粮、河工、教读等师爷类型。
Shiye has a very detailed division of positions, mainly divided into law, esp. criminal law, monetary and grains, secretary, strategy, memorial to the throne, recruitment, registration, ledger, marking examination papers, documents and tribute rice, river engineering, education and other types of assistants.
师爷行业对职业的技能要求很高，其行业规范的养成需要较长的时间。从清代幕友从业来看，基本上都经历了学幕、荐幕、就幕的过程。
The Shiye industry has high requirements for professional skills, and it takes a long time to develop its industry norms. From the real situation of the Qing Dynasty, they basically experienced the process of learning, recommending and acting.
学幕其实难的是刑名和钱粮两类师爷。一般地说，这两类师爷是必须经过专门拜师学幕才能学成的，因为他们必须是熟通法律和司法事务以及衙门惯例的专家。因而条文比较抽象，也比较简单。执行起来有相当的难度，也考验执行者的理解能力。
It is the most difficult thing to learn to be a Shiye of law and money and grain. Generally speaking, these two types of Shiye must be educated by specialized teachers who must be familiar with the legal and judicial affairs and yamen practices with expertise. It is quite difficult to implement the abstract provisions, which is a test to the the executor's ability.
在所有幕友中，以刑、钱幕友的报酬最高，一年的收入，最高可达年储800两。
Among them, the highest payment went tothese two types of Shiye, with an annual savings of 800 liang of silver dollars.
以至出现如若没有绍兴师爷，衙门就难以正常运转的局面。于是造成了“无绍不成衙”这一独特的社会现象。
If there was no Shaoxing Shiye, the yamen was difficult to operate normally, thus a unique social phenomenon appeared in Chinese history.
绍兴师爷有着数量多，大家族多，分布广，明幕多，素质高等特点。受文化传统熏陶和自身磨砺，绍兴师爷学识广博，注重道义，而且言辞机巧，善于出谋策划。由此构成了绍兴师爷群体优秀的综合素质。
A great deal of Shaoxing Shiye of high qualities from big families were distributed all over feudal China. Influenced by rich cultural traditions and honed by themselves, they were good at planning with extensive knowledge, great morality, and clever words, which formed an excellent comprehensive quality of them.
清朝建立后，对治理非常陌生，难以有效管理；所以需要聘请文化高，懂刑钱的师爷来帮助自己处理政务。
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the ruling class were very unskillful at governance, so they hired many highly educated Shiye to help them deal with government affairs.
而绍兴自古以来就是文风炽盛的地方，文人辈出，读书人甚多，从事举业的人比其他地方为多，这从绍兴举人进士的人数可知一斑。
Since ancient times, Shaoxing has been a place of flourishing style of writing. A large number of scholars came out and more people engaged in and passed the imperial examinations than in other places.
绍兴出师爷与一方水土滋养智慧族群相关，又与精明越人一向具有精细谨严善于谋划的特点有关。绍兴师爷都具有一种自强不息、自我开拓的奋斗精神，以及不断调整自己步伐、不断适应外界环境的进取精神。
Shaoxing Shiye is a smart ethnic group nourished by the local soil and water, and inherited from the smart Yue people who are always fine and strict and good at planning. They have a kind of unremitting self-improvement and self-development spirit, as well as the enterprising spirit of continuous adjustment of their own pace, and constant adaption to the external environment.
我们在前方列举了12位绍兴师爷。历史上师爷多达上万人，留下姓名者不过六百。
Here, 12 Shaoxing Shiye listed, only 600 among tens of thousands of them are with names.
他们作为政治舞台上的佐治群体，已成为历史。然而，以绍兴师爷为核心内容的师爷文化，不仅深刻影响着现代文秘、司法、财会、档案等社会领域的专业智库建设，还潜移默化地影响着新一代智慧人物的成长。在学术研究，影视戏曲方面都形成广泛的影响。
They, as the helping group on the political stage, have become history.However, the culture of Shaoxing Shiye not only profoundly affects the construction of professional think tanks in social fields such as modern secretary, justice, accounting and archives, but also subtly affects a new generation of intelligent people. A wide influencehasbeen formed in academic research, film and television opera.
